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Mycotoxin exposure in feed formulation for pigs and poultry

mycotoxins

Mycotoxin contamination> Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that can be found in a wide range of raw materials used in human and animal feed.

Although there are hundreds of mycotoxins, regulatory limits and guidelines for maximum tolerated levels in foods have only been established for a few.

 

The acknowledgement of the negative effects of mycotoxins on health and productivity in pig and poultry farming has led to the establishment of maximum tolerance levels for aflatoxins. As well as the creation of regulatory guidelines (recommended tolerance levels) for ochratoxins and a small amount of fusarium toxins.

Limits vary according to:

 

Mycotoxin analysis 

Sampling plays a crucial role in the accuracy of mycotoxin level determination. It is often the main source of variation associated with mycotoxin analysis, causing close to 90% of error in some analyses (Turner et al., 2015).

Regardless of the analytical method, mycotoxin concentrations are usually expressed as μg/kg on the basis of dry material. Positive results are those observed in samples which are above the limit of detection (LOD) and quantifiable results are those that are above the limit of quantification (LOQ).

LOD and LOQ vary greatly depending on the analytical method which is used. Therefore, data comparisons between different trials must be done cautiously (Von Holst and Stroka, 2014).

 

 

Factors affecting mycotoxin contamination

Mycotoxins are produced by fungi, so virtually all factors that have an impact on fungal development can affect mycotoxin production.

A simplified approach to fungal development and mycotoxin production is to separate fungi into two groups:

Raw materials are the substrate, and the main factor that influences mycotoxin production by fungi. The second most important factors that determine what type of fungi will develop, are those associated with climate conditions (rainfall, temperature and environmental humidity.) 

 

 

In addition to climate, several other factors are also known to modify the fungal colonization of plants and mycotoxin production

 

 

During storage, temperature, water availability, and insect damage modify mycotoxin content (Bryden, 2012).

 

Finally,an important fact to take into account when carrying out mycotoxin analysis is associated with the time of year in which such determinations are made. Due to the fact that conditions like rainfall and temperature during that studied period  will have a direct impact on mycotoxin content.

 

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