Mycotoxin exposure in feed formulation for pigs and poultry

• mycotoxin type
• animal species
• intended use
• type of raw material
• food and diet
• according to the regulatory body or the country

Mycotoxin analysis 

Sampling plays a crucial role in the accuracy of mycotoxin level determination. It is often the main source of variation associated with mycotoxin analysis, causing close to 90% of error in some analyses (Turner et al., 2015).

Regardless of the analytical method, mycotoxin concentrations are usually expressed as μg/kg on the basis of dry material. Positive results are those observed in samples which are above the limit of detection (LOD) and quantifiable results are those that are above the limit of quantification (LOQ).

LOD and LOQ vary greatly depending on the analytical method which is used. Therefore, data comparisons between different trials must be done cautiously (Von Holst and Stroka, 2014).

Factors affecting mycotoxin contamination

Mycotoxins are produced by fungi, so virtually all factors that have an impact on fungal development can affect mycotoxin production.

A simplified approach to fungal development and mycotoxin production is to separate fungi into two groups:

• Those that colonize plants before harvest, commonly called field fungi.
• Those that colonize plants or plant material post harvest. Known as storage fungi.

Raw materials are the substrate, and the main factor that influences mycotoxin production by fungi. The second most important factors that determine what type of fungi will develop, are those associated with climate conditions (rainfall, temperature and environmental humidity.) 

• For example, in warm and humid subtropical and tropical conditions, corn cobs are colonized by species of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, resulting in aflatoxin production.

• On the other hand, in temperate regions, maize is a suitable substrate for colonization by Fusarium and the production of fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins produced by the trichothecene family.

In addition to climate, several other factors are also known to modify the fungal colonization of plants and mycotoxin production

• An example of this, is the correlation between insect damage and F. verticillioïdes infection in corn with its resulting fumonisin levels.

• Host resistance and crop management can also affect the level of mycotoxins found in corn (Cary et al. , 2011).

During storage, temperature, water availability, and insect damage modify mycotoxin content (Bryden, 2012).

Finally,an important fact to take into account when carrying out mycotoxin analysis is associated with the time of year in which such determinations are made. Due to the fact that conditions like rainfall and temperature during that studied period  will have a direct impact on mycotoxin content.